Earthquake design principles for concrete structures

Introduction to the phenomenon of earthquakes and seismic actions. Response of structures to seismic loading depending on the type of earthquake and the structural characteristics. Basic guiding principles for conceptual design of earthquake resistant design of reinforced concrete buildings aiming at optimum energy dissipation by eliminating the occurrence of sensitive zones that may lead to collapse. Uniformity in-plan and uniformity in the development of the structure along the height of the building, evenly distributed structural and non-structural mass and stiffness, soft stories, short columns, diaphragmatic behavior at story level, seismic gap. Impact of masonry infill walls on the seismic structural behavior. Reference to the most common types of earthquake damage, especially in buildings designed according to older code principles, and typical methods of strengthening and repair. Soil - structure interaction and different types of foundation according to the occasional structural and soil characteristics. Methods for retaining the soil slopes and problems encountered.